The Bhagavad Gita

Being a Discourse Between Arjuna,    Prince of India, and the Supreme Being       Under the Form of Krishna
Translated from the Sanskrit Text             by        Sir Edwin Arnold,       M.A., K.C.I.E., C.S.I.
      New York     Truslove, Hanson & Comba, Ltd.          67 Fifth Avenue           1900

Dedication TO INDIA So have I read this wonderful and spirit-thrilling speech, By Krishna and Prince Arjun held, discoursing each with each; So have I writ its wisdom here,–its hidden mystery, For England; O our India! as dear to me as She! EDWIN ARNOLD PREFACE This famous and marvellous Sanskrit poem occurs as an episode of the Mahabharata, in the sixth–or “Bhishma”–Parva of the great Hindoo epic. It enjoys immense popularity and authority in India, where it is reckoned as one of the “Five Jewels,”–pancharatnani–of Devanagiri literature. In plain but noble language it unfolds a philosophical system which remains to this day the prevailing Brahmanic belief, blending as it does the doctrines of Kapila, Patanjali, and the Vedas. So lofty are many of its declarations, so sublime its aspirations, so pure and tender its piety, that Schlegel, after his study of the poem, breaks forth into this outburst of delight and praise towards its unknown author: “Magistrorum reverentia a Brachmanis inter sanctissima pietatis officia refertur. Ergo te primum, Vates sanctissime, Numinisque hypopheta! quisquis tandem inter mortales dictus tu fueris, carminis bujus auctor,, cujus oraculis mens ad excelsa quaeque,quaeque,, aeterna atque divina, cum inenarraoih quddam delectatione rapitur-te primum, inquam, salvere jubeo, et vestigia tua semper adore.” Lassen re-echoes this splendid tribute; and indeed, so striking are some of the moralities here inculcated, and so close the parallelism–ofttimes actually verbal– between its teachings and those of the New Testament, that a controversy has arisen between Pandits and Missionaries on the point whether the author borrowed from Christian sources, or the Evangelists and Apostles from him. This raises the question of its date, which cannot be positively settled. It must have been inlaid into the ancient epic at a period later than that of the original Mahabharata, but Mr Kasinath Telang has offered some fair arguments to prove it anterior to the Christian era. The weight of evidence, however, tends to place its composition at about the third century after Christ; and perhaps there are really echoes in this Brahmanic poem of the lessons of Galilee, and of the Syrian incarnation. Its scene is the level country between the Jumna and the Sarsooti rivers-now Kurnul and Jheend. Its simple plot consists of a dialogue held by Prince Arjuna, the brother of King Yudhisthira, with Krishna, the Supreme Deity, wearing the disguise of a charioteer. A great battle is impending between the armies of the Kauravas and Pandavas, and this conversation is maintained in a war-chariot drawn up between the opposing hosts. The poem has been turned into French by Burnouf, into Latin by Lassen, into Italian by Stanislav Gatti, into Greek by Galanos, and into English by Mr. Thomson and Mr Davies, the prose transcript of the last-named being truly beyond praise for its fidelity and clearness. Mr Telang has also published at Bombay a version in colloquial rhythm, eminently learned and intelligent, but not conveying the dignity or grace of the original. If I venture to offer a translation of the wonderful poem after so many superior scholars, it is in grateful recognition of the help derived from their labours, and because English literature would certainly be incomplete without possessing in popular form a poetical and philosophical work so dear to India. There is little else to say which the “Song Celestial” does not explain for itself. The Sanskrit original is written in the Anushtubh metre, which cannot be successfully reproduced for Western ears. I have therefore cast it into our flexible blank verse, changing into lyrical measures where the text itself similarly breaks. For the most part, I believe the sense to be faithfully preserved in the following pages; but Schlegel himself had to say: “In reconditioribus me semper poetafoster mentem recte divinasse affirmare non ausim.” Those who would read more upon the philosophy of the poem may find an admirable introduction in the volume of Mr Davies, printed by Messrs Trubner & Co. EDWIN ARNOLD, C.S.I. CONTENTS I. THE DISTRESS OF ARJUNA II. THE BOOK OF DOCTRINES III. VIRTUE IN WORK IV. THE RELIGION OF KNOWLEDGE V. RELIGION OF RENOUNCING WORKS VI. RELIGION BY SELF-RESTRAINT VII. RELIGION BY DISCERNMENT VIII. RELIGION BY SERVICE OF THE SUPREME IX. RELIGION BY THE KINGLY KNOWLEDGE AND THE KINGLY MYSTERY X. RELIGION BY THE HEAVENLY PERFECTIONS XI. THE MANIFESTING OF THE ONE AND MANIFOLD XII. RELIGION OF FAITH XIII. RELIGION BY SEPARATION OF MATTER AND SPIRIT XIV. RELIGION BY SEPARATION FROM THE QUALITIES XV. RELIGION BY ATTAINING THE SUPREME XVI. THE SEPARATENESS OF THE DIVINE AND UNDIVINE XVII. RELIGION BY THE THREEFOLD FAITHXVIII. RELIGION BY DELIVERANCE AND RENUNCIATION CHAPTER I Dhritirashtra:Ranged thus for battle on the sacred plain– On Kurukshetra–say, Sanjaya! sayWhat wrought my people, and the Pandavas? Sanjaya:When he beheld the host of Pandavas, Raja Duryodhana to Drona drew,And spake these words: “Ah, Guru! see this line, How vast it is of Pandu fighting-men,Embattled by the son of Drupada,Thy scholar in the war! Therein stand ranked Chiefs like Arjuna, like to Bhima chiefs, Benders of bows; Virata, Yuyudhan,Drupada, eminent upon his car,Dhrishtaket, Chekitan, Kasi’s stout lord, Purujit, Kuntibhoj, and Saivya,With Yudhamanyu, and UttamaujSubhadra’s child; and Drupadi’s;-all famed! All mounted on their shining chariots!On our side, too,–thou best of Brahmans! see Excellent chiefs, commanders of my line, Whose names I joy to count: thyself the first, Then Bhishma, Karna, Kripa fierce in fight, Vikarna, Aswatthaman; next to theseStrong Saumadatti, with full many more Valiant and tried, ready this day to die For me their king, each with his weapon grasped, Each skilful in the field. Weakest-meseems- Our battle shows where Bhishma holds command, And Bhima, fronting him, something too strong! Have care our captains nigh to Bhishma’s ranks Prepare what help they may! Now, blow my shell!” Then, at the signal of the aged king, With blare to wake the blood, rolling around Like to a lion’s roar, the trumpeterBlew the great Conch; and, at the noise of it, Trumpets and drums, cymbals and gongs and horns Burst into sudden clamour; as the blasts Of loosened tempest, such the tumult seemed! Then might be seen, upon their car of gold Yoked with white steeds, blowing their battle-shells, Krishna the God, Arjuna at his side:Krishna, with knotted locks, blew his great conch Carved of the “Giant’s bone;” Arjuna blew Indra’s loud gift; Bhima the terrible–Wolf-bellied Bhima-blew a long reed-conch; And Yudhisthira, Kunti’s blameless son,Winded a mighty shell, “Victory’s Voice;” And Nakula blew shrill upon his conchNamed the “Sweet-sounding,” Sahadev on his Called”Gem-bedecked,” and Kasi’s Prince on his. Sikhandi on his car, Dhrishtadyumn,Virata, Satyaki the Unsubdued,Drupada, with his sons, (O Lord of Earth!) Long-armed Subhadra’s children, all blew loud, So that the clangour shook their foemen’s hearts, With quaking earth and thundering heav’n. Then ’twas-Beholding Dhritirashtra’s battle set, Weapons unsheathing, bows drawn forth, the war Instant to break-Arjun, whose ensign-badge Was Hanuman the monkey, spake this thing To Krishna the Divine, his charioteer:“Drive, Dauntless One! to yonder open ground Betwixt the armies; I would see more nigh These who will fight with us, those we must slay To-day, in war’s arbitrament; for, sure, On bloodshed all are bent who throng this plain, Obeying Dhritirashtra’s sinful son.” Thus, by Arjuna prayed, (O Bharata!)Between the hosts that heavenly Charioteer Drove the bright car, reining its milk-white steeds Where Bhishma led,and Drona,and their Lords. “See!” spake he to Arjuna, “where they stand, Thy kindred of the Kurus:” and the Prince Marked on each hand the kinsmen of his house, Grandsires and sires, uncles and brothers and sons, Cousins and sons-in-law and nephews, mixed With friends and honoured elders; some this side, Some that side ranged: and, seeing those opposed, Such kith grown enemies-Arjuna’s heartMelted with pity, while he uttered this: Arjuna.Krishna! as I behold, come here to shed Their common blood, yon concourse of our kin, My members fail, my tongue dries in my mouth, A shudder thrills my body, and my hairBristles with horror; from my weak hand slips Gandiv, the goodly bow; a fever burnsMy skin to parching; hardly may I stand; The life within me seems to swim and faint; Nothing do I foresee save woe and wail!It is not good, O Keshav! nought of good Can spring from mutual slaughter! Lo, I hate Triumph and domination, wealth and ease, Thus sadly won! Aho! what victoryCan bring delight, Govinda! what rich spoils Could profit; what rule recompense; what span Of life itself seem sweet, bought with such blood? Seeing that these stand here, ready to die, For whose sake life was fair, and pleasure pleased, And power grew precious:-grandsires, sires, and sons, Brothers, and fathers-in-law, and sons-in-law, Elders and friends! Shall I deal death on these Even though they seek to slay us? Not one blow, O Madhusudan! will I strike to gain The rule of all Three Worlds; then, how much less To seize an earthly kingdom! Killing these Must breed but anguish, Krishna! If they be Guilty, we shall grow guilty by their deaths; Their sins will light on us, if we shall slay Those sons of Dhritirashtra, and our kin; What peace could come of that, O Madhava? For if indeed, blinded by lust and wrath, These cannot see, or will not see, the sin Of kingly lines o’erthrown and kinsmen slain, How should not we, who see, shun such a crime– We who perceive the guilt and feel the shame– O thou Delight of Men, Janardana?By overthrow of houses perishethTheir sweet continuous household piety, And-rites neglected, piety extinct–Enters impiety upon that home;Its women grow unwomaned, whence there spring Mad passions, and the mingling-up of castes, Sending a Hell-ward road that family,And whoso wrought its doom by wicked wrath. Nay, and the souls of honoured ancestors Fall from their place of peace, being bereft Of funeral-cakes and the wan death-water.[FN#1] So teach our holy hymns. Thus, if we slay Kinsfolk and friends for love of earthly power, Ahovat! what an evil fault it were!Better I deem it, if my kinsmen strike, To face them weaponless, and bare my breast To shaft and spear, than answer blow with blow. So speaking, in the face of those two hosts, Arjuna sank upon his chariot-seat,And let fall bow and arrows, sick at heart. HERE ENDETH CHAPTER I. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Arjun-Vishad,”Or “The Book of the Distress of Arjuna.” CHAPTER II Sanjaya.Him, filled with such compassion and such grief, With eyes tear-dimmed, despondent, in stern words The Driver, Madhusudan, thus addressed: Krishna.How hath this weakness taken thee? Whence springs The inglorious trouble, shameful to the brave, Barring the path of virtue? Nay, Arjun!Forbid thyself to feebleness! it mars Thy warrior-name! cast off the coward-fit! Wake! Be thyself! Arise, Scourge of thy Foes! Arjuna.How can I, in the battle, shoot with shafts On Bhishma, or on Drona-O thou Chief!–Both worshipful, both honourable men? Better to live on beggar’s bread With those we love alive,Than taste their blood in rich feasts spread, And guiltily survive!Ah! were it worse-who knows?–to be Victor or vanquished here,When those confront us angrily Whose death leaves living drear?In pity lost, by doubtings tossed, My thoughts-distracted-turnTo Thee, the Guide I reverence most, That I may counsel learn:I know not what would heal the grief Burned into soul and sense,If I were earth’s unchallenged chief– A god–and these gone thence! Sanjaya.So spake Arjuna to the Lord of Hearts, And sighing,”I will not fight!” held silence then. To whom, with tender smile, (O Bharata! ) While the Prince wept despairing ‘twixt those hosts, Krishna made answer in divinest verse: Krishna.Thou grievest where no grief should be! thou speak’st Words lacking wisdom! for the wise in heart Mourn not for those that live, nor those that die. Nor I, nor thou, nor any one of these,Ever was not, nor ever will not be, For ever and for ever afterwards.All, that doth live, lives always! To man’s frame As there come infancy and youth and age, So come there raisings-up and layings-down Of other and of other life-abodes,Which the wise know, and fear not. This that irks– Thy sense-life, thrilling to the elements– Bringing thee heat and cold, sorrows and joys, ‘Tis brief and mutable! Bear with it, Prince! As the wise bear. The soul which is not moved, The soul that with a strong and constant calm Takes sorrow and takes joy indifferently, Lives in the life undying! That which is Can never cease to be; that which is not Will not exist. To see this truth of both Is theirs who part essence from accident, Substance from shadow. Indestructible,Learn thou! the Life is, spreading life through all; It cannot anywhere, by any means,Be anywise diminished, stayed, or changed. But for these fleeting frames which it informs With spirit deathless, endless, infinite, They perish. Let them perish, Prince! and fight! He who shall say, “Lo! I have slain a man!” He who shall think, “Lo! I am slain!” those both Know naught! Life cannot slay. Life is not slain! Never the spirit was born; the spirit shall cease to be never; Never was time it was not; End and Beginning are dreams! Birthless and deathless and changeless remaineth the spirit for ever; Death hath not touched it at all, dead though the house of it seems! Who knoweth it exhaustless, self-sustained, Immortal, indestructible,–shall suchSay, “I have killed a man, or caused to kill?” Nay, but as when one layeth His worn-out robes away,And taking new ones, sayeth, “These will I wear to-day!”So putteth by the spirit Lightly its garb of flesh,And passeth to inherit A residence afresh. I say to thee weapons reach not the Life; Flame burns it not, waters cannot o’erwhelm, Nor dry winds wither it. Impenetrable,Unentered, unassailed, unharmed, untouched, Immortal, all-arriving, stable, sure,Invisible, ineffable, by wordAnd thought uncompassed, ever all itself, Thus is the Soul declared! How wilt thou, then,– Knowing it so,–grieve when thou shouldst not grieve? How, if thou hearest that the man new-dead Is, like the man new-born, still living man– One same, existent Spirit–wilt thou weep? The end of birth is death; the end of death Is birth: this is ordained! and mournest thou, Chief of the stalwart arm! for what befalls Which could not otherwise befall? The birth Of living things comes unperceived; the death Comes unperceived; between them, beings perceive: What is there sorrowful herein, dear Prince? Wonderful, wistful, to contemplate! Difficult, doubtful, to speak upon! Strange and great for tongue to relate, Mystical hearing for every one!Nor wotteth man this, what a marvel it is, When seeing, and saying, and hearing are done! This Life within all living things, my Prince! Hides beyond harm; scorn thou to suffer, then, For that which cannot suffer. Do thy part! Be mindful of thy name, and tremble not! Nought better can betide a martial soulThan lawful war; happy the warriorTo whom comes joy of battle–comes, as now, Glorious and fair, unsought; opening for him A gateway unto Heav’n. But, if thou shunn’st This honourable field–a Kshattriya–If, knowing thy duty and thy task, thou bidd’st Duty and task go by–that shall be sin!And those to come shall speak thee infamy From age to age; but infamy is worseFor men of noble blood to bear than death! The chiefs upon their battle-chariotsWill deem ’twas fear that drove thee from the fray. Of those who held thee mighty-souled the scorn Thou must abide, while all thine enemies Will scatter bitter speech of thee, to mock The valour which thou hadst; what fate could fall More grievously than this? Either–being killed– Thou wilt win Swarga’s safety, or–alive And victor–thou wilt reign an earthly king. Therefore, arise, thou Son of Kunti! brace Thine arm for conflict, nerve thy heart to meet– As things alike to thee–pleasure or pain, Profit or ruin, victory or defeat:So minded, gird thee to the fight, for so Thou shalt not sin! Thus far I speak to theeAs from the “Sankhya”–unspiritually– Hear now the deeper teaching of the Yog, Which holding, understanding, thou shalt burst Thy Karmabandh, the bondage of wrought deeds. Here shall no end be hindered, no hope marred, No loss be feared: faith–yea, a little faith– Shall save thee from the anguish of thy dread. Here, Glory of the Kurus! shines one rule– One steadfast rule–while shifting souls have laws Many and hard. Specious, but wrongful deem The speech of those ill-taught ones who extol The letter of their Vedas, saying, “This Is all we have, or need;” being weak at heart With wants, seekers of Heaven: which comes–they say– As “fruit of good deeds done;” promising men Much profit in new births for works of faith; In various rites abounding; following whereon Large merit shall accrue towards wealth and power; Albeit, who wealth and power do most desire Least fixity of soul have such, least hold On heavenly meditation. Much these teach, From Veds, concerning the “three qualities;” But thou, be free of the “three qualities,” Free of the “pairs of opposites,”[FN#2] and free From that sad righteousness which calculates; Self-ruled, Arjuna! simple, satisfied![FN#3] Look! like as when a tank pours water forth To suit all needs, so do these Brahmans draw Text for all wants from tank of Holy Writ. But thou, want not! ask not! Find full reward Of doing right in right! Let right deeds be Thy motive, not the fruit which comes from them. And live in action! Labour! Make thine acts Thy piety, casting all self aside,Contemning gain and merit; equableIn good or evil: equabilityIs Yog, is piety! Yet, the right actIs less, far less, than the right-thinking mind. Seek refuge in thy soul; have there thy heaven! Scorn them that follow virtue for her gifts! The mind of pure devotion–even here–Casts equally aside good deeds and bad, Passing above them. Unto pure devotionDevote thyself: with perfect meditation Comes perfect act, and the right-hearted rise– More certainly because they seek no gain– Forth from the bands of body, step by step, To highest seats of bliss. When thy firm soul Hath shaken off those tangled oraclesWhich ignorantly guide, then shall it soar To high neglect of what’s denied or said, This way or that way, in doctrinal writ. Troubled no longer by the priestly lore, Safe shall it live, and sure; steadfastly bent On meditation. This is Yog–and Peace! Arjuna.What is his mark who hath that steadfast heart, Confirmed in holy meditation? HowKnow we his speech, Kesava? Sits he, moves he Like other men? Krishna.When one, O Pritha’s Son!Abandoning desires which shake the mind– Finds in his soul full comfort for his soul, He hath attained the Yog–that man is such! In sorrows not dejected, and in joysNot overjoyed; dwelling outside the stress Of passion, fear, and anger; fixed in calms Of lofty contemplation;–such an oneIs Muni, is the Sage, the true Recluse! He who to none and nowhere overboundBy ties of flesh, takes evil things and good Neither desponding nor exulting, suchBears wisdom’s plainest mark! He who shall draw As the wise tortoise draws its four feet safe Under its shield, his five frail senses back Under the spirit’s buckler from the world Which else assails them, such an one, my Prince! Hath wisdom’s mark! Things that solicit sense Hold off from the self-governed; nay, it comes, The appetites of him who lives beyondDepart,–aroused no more. Yet may it chance, O Son of Kunti! that a governed mindShall some time feel the sense-storms sweep, and wrest Strong self-control by the roots. Let him regain His kingdom! let him conquer this, and sit On Me intent. That man alone is wiseWho keeps the mastery of himself! If one Ponders on objects of the sense, there springs Attraction; from attraction grows desire, Desire flames to fierce passion, passion breeds Recklessness; then the memory–all betrayed– Lets noble purpose go, and saps the mind, Till purpose, mind, and man are all undone. But, if one deals with objects of the sense Not loving and not hating, making themServe his free soul, which rests serenely lord, Lo! such a man comes to tranquillity;And out of that tranquillity shall rise The end and healing of his earthly pains, Since the will governed sets the soul at peace. The soul of the ungoverned is not his,Nor hath he knowledge of himself; which lacked, How grows serenity? and, wanting that,Whence shall he hope for happiness? The mindThat gives itself to follow shows of sense Seeth its helm of wisdom rent away,And, like a ship in waves of whirlwind, drives To wreck and death. Only with him, great Prince! Whose senses are not swayed by things of sense– Only with him who holds his mastery,Shows wisdom perfect. What is midnight-gloom To unenlightened souls shines wakeful day To his clear gaze; what seems as wakeful day Is known for night, thick night of ignorance, To his true-seeing eyes. Such is the Saint! And like the ocean, day by day receiving Floods from all lands, which never overflows Its boundary-line not leaping, and not leaving, Fed by the rivers, but unswelled by those;– So is the perfect one! to his soul’s ocean The world of sense pours streams of witchery; They leave him as they find, without commotion, Taking their tribute, but remaining sea. Yea! whoso, shaking off the yoke of flesh Lives lord, not servant, of his lusts; set free From pride, from passion, from the sin of “Self,” Toucheth tranquillity! O Pritha’s Son!That is the state of Brahm! There rests no dread When that last step is reached! Live where he will, Die when he may, such passeth from all ‘plaining, To blest Nirvana, with the Gods, attaining. HERE ENDETH CHAPTER II. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Sankhya-Yog,”Or “The Book of Doctrines.” CHAPTER III Arjuna.Thou whom all mortals praise, Janardana! If meditation be a nobler thingThan action, wherefore, then, great Kesava! Dost thou impel me to this dreadful fight? Now am I by thy doubtful speech disturbed! Tell me one thing, and tell me certainly; By what road shall I find the better end? Krishna.I told thee, blameless Lord! there be two paths Shown to this world; two schools of wisdom. FirstThe Sankhya’s, which doth save in way of works Prescribed[FN#4] by reason; next, the Yog, which bids Attain by meditation, spiritually:Yet these are one! No man shall ‘scape from act By shunning action; nay, and none shall come By mere renouncements unto perfectness.Nay, and no jot of time, at any time, Rests any actionless; his nature’s lawCompels him, even unwilling, into act; [For thought is act in fancy]. He who sits Suppressing all the instruments of flesh, Yet in his idle heart thinking on them,Plays the inept and guilty hypocrite: But he who, with strong body serving mind, Gives up his mortal powers to worthy work, Not seeking gain, Arjuna! such an oneIs honourable. Do thine allotted task! Work is more excellent than idleness;The body’s life proceeds not, lacking work. There is a task of holiness to do,Unlike world-binding toil, which bindeth not The faithful soul; such earthly duty doFree from desire, and thou shalt well perform Thy heavenly purpose. Spake Prajapati–In the beginning, when all men were made, And, with mankind, the sacrifice– “Do this! Work! sacrifice! Increase and multiplyWith sacrifice! This shall be Kamaduk, Your ‘Cow of Plenty,’ giving back her milk Of all abundance. Worship the gods thereby; The gods shall yield thee grace. Those meats ye crave The gods will grant to Labour, when it pays Tithes in the altar-flame. But if one eats Fruits of the earth, rendering to kindly Heaven No gift of toil, that thief steals from his world.” Who eat of food after their sacrifice Are quit of fault, but they that spread a feast All for themselves, eat sin and drink of sin. By food the living live; food comes of rain, And rain comes by the pious sacrifice,And sacrifice is paid with tithes of toil; Thus action is of Brahma, who is One,The Only, All-pervading; at all times Present in sacrifice. He that abstainsTo help the rolling wheels of this great world, Glutting his idle sense, lives a lost life, Shameful and vain. Existing for himself, Self-concentrated, serving self alone,No part hath he in aught; nothing achieved, Nought wrought or unwrought toucheth him; no hope Of help for all the living things of earth Depends from him.[FN#5] Therefore, thy task prescribed With spirit unattached gladly perform,Since in performance of plain duty man Mounts to his highest bliss. By works alone Janak and ancient saints reached blessedness! Moreover, for the upholding of thy kind, Action thou should’st embrace. What the wise choose The unwise people take; what best men do The multitude will follow. Look on me,Thou Son of Pritha! in the three wide worlds I am not bound to any toil, no heightAwaits to scale, no gift remains to gain, Yet I act here! and, if I acted not–Earnest and watchful–those that look to me For guidance, sinking back to sloth again Because I slumbered, would decline from good, And I should break earth’s order and commit Her offspring unto ruin, Bharata!Even as the unknowing toil, wedded to sense, So let the enlightened toil, sense-freed, but set To bring the world deliverance, and its bliss; Not sowing in those simple, busy heartsSeed of despair. Yea! let each play his part In all he finds to do, with unyoked soul. All things are everywhere by Nature wrought In interaction of the qualities.The fool, cheated by self, thinks, “This I did” And “That I wrought; “but–ah, thou strong-armed Prince!– A better-lessoned mind, knowing the play Of visible things within the world of sense, And how the qualities must qualify,Standeth aloof even from his acts. Th’ untaught Live mixed with them, knowing not Nature’s way, Of highest aims unwitting, slow and dull. Those make thou not to stumble, having the light; But all thy dues discharging, for My sake, With meditation centred inwardly,Seeking no profit, satisfied, serene, Heedless of issue–fight! They who shall keep My ordinance thus, the wise and willing hearts, Have quittance from all issue of their acts; But those who disregard My ordinance,Thinking they know, know nought, and fall to loss, Confused and foolish. ‘Sooth, the instructed one Doth of his kind, following what fits him most: And lower creatures of their kind; in vain Contending ‘gainst the law. Needs must it be The objects of the sense will stir the sense To like and dislike, yet th’ enlightened man Yields not to these, knowing them enemies. Finally, this is better, that one doHis own task as he may, even though he fail, Than take tasks not his own, though they seem good. To die performing duty is no ill;But who seeks other roads shall wander still. Arjuna.Yet tell me, Teacher! by what force doth man Go to his ill, unwilling; as if onePushed him that evil path? Krishna.Kama it is!Passion it is! born of the Darknesses, Which pusheth him. Mighty of appetite,Sinful, and strong is this!–man’s enemy! As smoke blots the white fire, as clinging rust Mars the bright mirror, as the womb surrounds The babe unborn, so is the world of things Foiled, soiled, enclosed in this desire of flesh. The wise fall, caught in it; the unresting foe It is of wisdom, wearing countless forms, Fair but deceitful, subtle as a flame.Sense, mind, and reason–these, O Kunti’s Son! Are booty for it; in its play with these It maddens man, beguiling, blinding him. Therefore, thou noblest child of Bharata! Govern thy heart! Constrain th’ entangled sense! Resist the false, soft sinfulness which saps Knowledge and judgment! Yea, the world is strong, But what discerns it stronger, and the mind Strongest; and high o’er all the ruling Soul. Wherefore, perceiving Him who reigns supreme, Put forth full force of Soul in thy own soul! Fight! vanquish foes and doubts, dear Hero! slay What haunts thee in fond shapes, and would betray! HERE ENDETH CHAPTER III. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Karma-Yog,”Or “The Book of Virtue in Work.” CHAPTER IV Krishna.This deathless Yoga, this deep union, I taught Vivaswata,[FN#6] the Lord of Light; Vivaswata to Manu gave it; heTo Ikshwaku; so passed it down the line Of all my royal Rishis. Then, with years, The truth grew dim and perished, noble Prince! Now once again to thee it is declared–This ancient lore, this mystery supreme– Seeing I find thee votary and friend. Arjuna.Thy birth, dear Lord, was in these later days, And bright Vivaswata’s preceded time!How shall I comprehend this thing thou sayest, “From the beginning it was I who taught?” Krishna.Manifold the renewals of my birthHave been, Arjuna! and of thy births, too! But mine I know, and thine thou knowest not, O Slayer of thy Foes! Albeit I beUnborn, undying, indestructible,The Lord of all things living; not the less– By Maya, by my magic which I stampOn floating Nature-forms, the primal vast– I come, and go, and come. When Righteousness Declines, O Bharata! when WickednessIs strong, I rise, from age to age, and take Visible shape, and move a man with men,Succouring the good, thrusting the evil back, And setting Virtue on her seat again.Who knows the truth touching my births on earth And my divine work, when he quits the flesh Puts on its load no more, falls no more down To earthly birth: to Me he comes, dear Prince! Many there be who come! from fear set free, From anger, from desire; keeping their hearts Fixed upon me–my Faithful–purifiedBy sacred flame of Knowledge. Such as these Mix with my being. Whoso worship me,Them I exalt; but all men everywhere Shall fall into my path; albeit, those souls Which seek reward for works, make sacrifice Now, to the lower gods. I say to theeHere have they their reward. But I am He Made the Four Castes, and portioned them a place After their qualities and gifts. Yea, ICreated, the Reposeful; I that live Immortally, made all those mortal births: For works soil not my essence, being works Wrought uninvolved.[FN#7] Who knows me acting thus Unchained by action, action binds not him; And, so perceiving, all those saints of old Worked, seeking for deliverance. Work thou As, in the days gone by, thy fathers did. Thou sayst, perplexed, It hath been asked before By singers and by sages, “What is act,And what inaction? “I will teach thee this, And, knowing, thou shalt learn which work doth save Needs must one rightly meditate those three– Doing,–not doing,–and undoing. HereThorny and dark the path is! He who sees How action may be rest, rest action–heIs wisest ‘mid his kind; he hath the truth! He doeth well, acting or resting. FreedIn all his works from prickings of desire, Burned clean in act by the white fire of truth, The wise call that man wise; and such an one, Renouncing fruit of deeds, always content. Always self-satisfying, if he works,Doth nothing that shall stain his separate soul, Which–quit of fear and hope–subduing self– Rejecting outward impulse–yielding upTo body’s need nothing save body, dwells Sinless amid all sin, with equal calmTaking what may befall, by grief unmoved, Unmoved by joy, unenvyingly; the sameIn good and evil fortunes; nowise bound By bond of deeds. Nay, but of such an one, Whose crave is gone, whose soul is liberate, Whose heart is set on truth–of such an one What work he does is work of sacrifice,Which passeth purely into ash and smoke Consumed upon the altar! All’s then God! The sacrifice is Brahm, the ghee and grain Are Brahm, the fire is Brahm, the flesh it eats Is Brahm, and unto Brahm attaineth heWho, in such office, meditates on Brahm. Some votaries there be who serve the gods With flesh and altar-smoke; but other some Who, lighting subtler fires, make purer rite With will of worship. Of the which be they Who, in white flame of continence, consume Joys of the sense, delights of eye and ear, Forgoing tender speech and sound of song: And they who, kindling fires with torch of Truth, Burn on a hidden altar-stone the blissOf youth and love, renouncing happiness: And they who lay for offering there their wealth, Their penance, meditation, piety,Their steadfast reading of the scrolls, their lore Painfully gained with long austerities:And they who, making silent sacrifice, Draw in their breath to feed the flame of thought, And breathe it forth to waft the heart on high, Governing the ventage of each entering air Lest one sigh pass which helpeth not the soul: And they who, day by day denying needs,Lay life itself upon the altar-flame, Burning the body wan. Lo! all these keep The rite of offering, as if they slewVictims; and all thereby efface much sin. Yea! and who feed on the immortal foodLeft of such sacrifice, to Brahma pass, To The Unending. But for him that makesNo sacrifice, he hath nor part nor lot Even in the present world. How should he share Another, O thou Glory of thy Line? In sight of Brahma all these offerings Are spread and are accepted! ComprehendThat all proceed by act; for knowing this, Thou shalt be quit of doubt. The sacrifice Which Knowledge pays is better than great gifts Offered by wealth, since gifts’ worth–O my Prince! Lies in the mind which gives, the will that serves: And these are gained by reverence, by strong search, By humble heed of those who see the Truth And teach it. Knowing Truth, thy heart no more Will ache with error, for the Truth shall show All things subdued to thee, as thou to Me. Moreover, Son of Pandu! wert thou worstOf all wrong-doers, this fair ship of Truth Should bear thee safe and dry across the sea Of thy transgressions. As the kindled flame Feeds on the fuel till it sinks to ash,So unto ash, Arjuna! unto noughtThe flame of Knowledge wastes works’ dross away! There is no purifier like theretoIn all this world, and he who seeketh it Shall find it–being grown perfect–in himself. Believing, he receives it when the soulMasters itself, and cleaves to Truth, and comes– Possessing knowledge–to the higher peace, The uttermost repose. But those untaught, And those without full faith, and those who fear Are shent; no peace is here or other where, No hope, nor happiness for whoso doubts. He that, being self-contained, hath vanquished doubt, Disparting self from service, soul from works, Enlightened and emancipate, my Prince!Works fetter him no more! Cut then atwain With sword of wisdom, Son of Bharata!This doubt that binds thy heart-beats! cleave the bond Born of thy ignorance! Be bold and wise! Give thyself to the field with me! Arise! HERE ENDETH CHAPTER IV. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Jnana Yog,”Or “The Book of the Religion of Knowledge,” CHAPTER VArjuna.Yet, Krishna! at the one time thou dost laud Surcease of works, and, at another time, Service through work. Of these twain plainly tell Which is the better way? Krishna.To cease from worksIs well, and to do works in holiness Is well; and both conduct to bliss supreme; But of these twain the better way is his Who working piously refraineth not. That is the true Renouncer, firm and fixed, Who–seeking nought, rejecting nought–dwells proof Against the “opposites.”[FN#8] O valiant Prince! In doing, such breaks lightly from all deed: ‘Tis the new scholar talks as they were two, This Sankhya and this Yoga: wise men know Who husbands one plucks golden fruit of both! The region of high rest which Sankhyans reach Yogins attain. Who sees these twain as one Sees with clear eyes! Yet such abstraction, Chief! Is hard to win without much holiness.Whoso is fixed in holiness, self-ruled, Pure-hearted, lord of senses and of self, Lost in the common life of all which lives– A “Yogayukt”–he is a Saint who wendsStraightway to Brahm. Such an one is not touched By taint of deeds. “Nought of myself I do!” Thus will he think-who holds the truth of truths– In seeing, hearing, touching, smelling; when He eats, or goes, or breathes; slumbers or talks, Holds fast or loosens, opes his eyes or shuts; Always assured “This is the sense-world plays With senses.”He that acts in thought of Brahm, Detaching end from act, with act content, The world of sense can no more stain his soul Than waters mar th’ enamelled lotus-leaf. With life, with heart, with mind,-nay, with the help Of all five senses–letting selfhood go– Yogins toil ever towards their souls’ release. Such votaries, renouncing fruit of deeds, Gain endless peace: the unvowed, the passion-bound, Seeking a fruit from works, are fastened down. The embodied sage, withdrawn within his soul, At every act sits godlike in “the townWhich hath nine gateways,”[FN#9] neither doing aught Nor causing any deed. This world’s Lord makes Neither the work, nor passion for the work, Nor lust for fruit of work; the man’s own self Pushes to these! The Master of this World Takes on himself the good or evil deedsOf no man–dwelling beyond! Mankind errs here By folly, darkening knowledge. But, for whom That darkness of the soul is chased by light, Splendid and clear shines manifest the Truth As if a Sun of Wisdom sprang to shedIts beams of dawn. Him meditating still, Him seeking, with Him blended, stayed on Him, The souls illuminated take that roadWhich hath no turning back–their sins flung off By strength of faith. [Who will may have this Light; Who hath it sees.] To him who wisely sees, The Brahman with his scrolls and sanctities, The cow, the elephant, the unclean dog,The Outcast gorging dog’s meat, are all one. The world is overcome–aye! even here! By such as fix their faith on Unity.The sinless Brahma dwells in Unity, And they in Brahma. Be not over-gladAttaining joy, and be not over-sadEncountering grief, but, stayed on Brahma, still Constant let each abide! The sage whose sou Holds off from outer contacts, in himself Finds bliss; to Brahma joined by piety,His spirit tastes eternal peace. The joys Springing from sense-life are but quickening wombs Which breed sure griefs: those joys begin and end! The wise mind takes no pleasure, Kunti’s Son! In such as those! But if a man shall learn, Even while he lives and bears his body’s chain, To master lust and anger, he is blest!He is the Yukta; he hath happiness, Contentment, light, within: his life is merged In Brahma’s life; he doth Nirvana touch! Thus go the Rishis unto rest, who dwellWith sins effaced, with doubts at end, with hearts Governed and calm. Glad in all good they live, Nigh to the peace of God; and all those live Who pass their days exempt from greed and wrath, Subduing self and senses, knowing the Soul! The Saint who shuts outside his placid soul All touch of sense, letting no contact through; Whose quiet eyes gaze straight from fixed brows, Whose outward breath and inward breath are drawn Equal and slow through nostrils still and close; That one-with organs, heart, and mind constrained, Bent on deliverance, having put awayPassion, and fear, and rage;–hath, even now, Obtained deliverance, ever and ever freed. Yea! for he knows Me Who am He that heeds The sacrifice and worship, God revealed; And He who heeds not, being Lord of Worlds, Lover of all that lives, God unrevealed, Wherein who will shall find surety and shield! HERE ENDS CHAPTER V. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Karmasanyasayog,”Or “The Book of Religion by Renouncing Fruit of Works.” CHAPTER VI Krishna.Therefore, who doeth work rightful to do, Not seeking gain from work, that man, O Prince! Is Sanyasi and Yogi–both in oneAnd he is neither who lights not the flame Of sacrifice, nor setteth hand to task. Regard as true Renouncer him that makes Worship by work, for who renounceth notWorks not as Yogin. So is that well said: “By works the votary doth rise to faith, And saintship is the ceasing from all works; Because the perfect Yogin acts–but acts Unmoved by passions and unbound by deeds, Setting result aside. Let each man raiseThe Self by Soul, not trample down his Self, Since Soul that is Self’s friend may grow Self’s foe. Soul is Self’s friend when Self doth rule o’er Self, But Self turns enemy if Soul’s own selfHates Self as not itself.[FN#10] The sovereign soulOf him who lives self-governed and at peace Is centred in itself, taking alikePleasure and pain; heat, cold; glory and shame. He is the Yogi, he is Yukta, gladWith joy of light and truth; dwelling apart Upon a peak, with senses subjugateWhereto the clod, the rock, the glistering gold Show all as one. By this sign is he known Being of equal grace to comrades, friends, Chance-comers, strangers, lovers, enemies, Aliens and kinsmen; loving all alike,Evil or good. Sequestered should he sit,Steadfastly meditating, solitary,His thoughts controlled, his passions laid away, Quit of belongings. In a fair, still spot Having his fixed abode,–not too much raised, Nor yet too low,–let him abide, his goods A cloth, a deerskin, and the Kusa-grass. There, setting hard his mind upon The One, Restraining heart and senses, silent, calm, Let him accomplish Yoga, and achievePureness of soul, holding immovable Body and neck and head, his gaze absorbed Upon his nose-end,[FN#11] rapt from all around, Tranquil in spirit, free of fear, intent Upon his Brahmacharya vow, devout,Musing on Me, lost in the thought of Me. That Yojin, so devoted, so controlled,Comes to the peace beyond,–My peace, the peace Of high Nirvana! But for earthly needsReligion is not his who too much fasts Or too much feasts, nor his who sleeps away An idle mind; nor his who wears to waste His strength in vigils. Nay, Arjuna! call That the true piety which most removesEarth-aches and ills, where one is moderate In eating and in resting, and in sport;Measured in wish and act; sleeping betimes, Waking betimes for duty. When the man,So living, centres on his soul the thought Straitly restrained–untouched internally By stress of sense–then is he Yukta. See! Steadfast a lamp burns sheltered from the wind; Such is the likeness of the Yogi’s mindShut from sense-storms and burning bright to Heaven. When mind broods placid, soothed with holy wont; When Self contemplates self, and in itself Hath comfort; when it knows the nameless joy Beyond all scope of sense, revealed to soul– Only to soul! and, knowing, wavers not,True to the farther Truth; when, holding this, It deems no other treasure comparable,But, harboured there, cannot be stirred or shook By any gravest grief, call that state “peace,” That happy severance Yoga; call that man The perfect Yogin! Steadfastly the willMust toil thereto, till efforts end in ease, And thought has passed from thinking. Shaking off All longings bred by dreams of fame and gain, Shutting the doorways of the senses close With watchful ward; so, step by step, it comes To gift of peace assured and heart assuaged, When the mind dwells self-wrapped, and the soul broods Cumberless. But, as often as the heartBreaks–wild and wavering–from control, so oft Let him re-curb it, let him rein it back To the soul’s governance; for perfect bliss Grows only in the bosom tranquillised,The spirit passionless, purged from offence, Vowed to the Infinite. He who thus vowsHis soul to the Supreme Soul, quitting sin, Passes unhindered to the endless blissOf unity with Brahma. He so vowed,So blended, sees the Life-Soul resident In all things living, and all living things In that Life-Soul contained. And whoso thus Discerneth Me in all, and all in Me,I never let him go; nor looseneth he Hold upon Me; but, dwell he where he may, Whate’er his life, in Me he dwells and lives, Because he knows and worships Me, Who dwell In all which lives, and cleaves to Me in all. Arjuna! if a man sees everywhere–Taught by his own similitude–one Life, One Essence in the Evil and the Good,Hold him a Yogi, yea! well-perfected! Arjuna.Slayer of Madhu! yet again, this Yog, This Peace, derived from equanimity,Made known by thee–I see no fixity Therein, no rest, because the heart of men Is unfixed, Krishna! rash, tumultuous,Wilful and strong. It were all one, I think, To hold the wayward wind, as tame man’s heart. Krishna.Hero long-armed! beyond denial, hard Man’s heart is to restrain, and wavering; Yet may it grow restrained by habit, Prince! By wont of self-command. This Yog, I say, Cometh not lightly to th’ ungoverned ones; But he who will be master of himselfShall win it, if he stoutly strive thereto. Arjuna.And what road goeth he who, having faith, Fails, Krishna! in the striving; falling back From holiness, missing the perfect rule? Is he not lost, straying from Brahma’s light, Like the vain cloud, which floats ‘twixt earth and heaven When lightning splits it, and it vanisheth? Fain would I hear thee answer me herein, Since, Krishna! none save thou can clear the doubt. Krishna.He is not lost, thou Son of Pritha! No! Nor earth, nor heaven is forfeit, even for him, Because no heart that holds one right desire Treadeth the road of loss! He who should fail, Desiring righteousness, cometh at deathUnto the Region of the Just; dwells there Measureless years, and being born anew,Beginneth life again in some fair home Amid the mild and happy. It may chanceHe doth descend into a Yogin houseOn Virtue’s breast; but that is rare! Such birth Is hard to be obtained on this earth, Chief! So hath he back again what heights of heart He did achieve, and so he strives anewTo perfectness, with better hope, dear Prince! For by the old desire he is drawn onUnwittingly; and only to desireThe purity of Yog is to passBeyond the Sabdabrahm, the spoken Ved. But, being Yogi, striving strong and long, Purged from transgressions, perfected by births Following on births, he plants his feet at last Upon the farther path. Such as one ranks Above ascetics, higher than the wise,Beyond achievers of vast deeds! Be thou Yogi Arjuna! And of such believe,Truest and best is he who worships Me With inmost soul, stayed on My Mystery! HERE ENDETH CHAPTER VI. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Atmasanyamayog,”Or “The Book of Religion by Self-Restraint.” CHAPTER VII Krishna.Learn now, dear Prince! how, if thy soul be set Ever on Me–still exercising Yog,Still making Me thy Refuge–thou shalt come Most surely unto perfect hold of Me.I will declare to thee that utmost lore, Whole and particular, which, when thou knowest, Leaveth no more to know here in this world. Of many thousand mortals, one, perchance, Striveth for Truth; and of those few that strive– Nay, and rise high–one only–here and there– Knoweth Me, as I am, the very Truth. Earth, water, flame, air, ether, life, and mind, And individuality–those eightMake up the showing of Me, Manifest. These be my lower Nature; learn the higher, Whereby, thou Valiant One! this Universe Is, by its principle of life, produced;Whereby the worlds of visible things are born As from a Yoni. Know! I am that womb:I make and I unmake this Universe:Than me there is no other Master, Prince! No other Maker! All these hang on meAs hangs a row of pearls upon its string. I am the fresh taste of the water; IThe silver of the moon, the gold o’ the sun, The word of worship in the Veds, the thrill That passeth in the ether, and the strength Of man’s shed seed. I am the good sweet smell Of the moistened earth, I am the fire’s red light, The vital air moving in all which moves, The holiness of hallowed souls, the root Undying, whence hath sprung whatever is; The wisdom of the wise, the intellectOf the informed, the greatness of the great. The splendour of the splendid. Kunti’s Son! These am I, free from passion and desire; Yet am I right desire in all who yearn,Chief of the Bharatas! for all those moods, Soothfast, or passionate, or ignorant,Which Nature frames, deduce from me; but all Are merged in me–not I in them! The world– Deceived by those three qualities of being– Wotteth not Me Who am outside them all,Above them all, Eternal! Hard it is To pierce that veil divine of various shows Which hideth Me; yet they who worship Me Pierce it and pass beyond. I am not knownTo evil-doers, nor to foolish ones, Nor to the base and churlish; nor to those Whose mind is cheated by the show of things, Nor those that take the way of Asuras.[FN#12] Four sorts of mortals know me: he who weeps, Arjuna! and the man who yearns to know;And he who toils to help; and he who sits Certain of me, enlightened. Of these four,O Prince of India! highest, nearest, best That last is, the devout soul, wise, intent Upon “The One.” Dear, above all, am ITo him; and he is dearest unto me!All four are good, and seek me; but mine own, The true of heart, the faithful–stayed on me, Taking me as their utmost blessedness,They are not “mine,”but I–even I myself! At end of many births to Me they come!Yet hard the wise Mahatma is to find, That man who sayeth, “All is Vasudev!”[FN#13] There be those, too, whose knowledge, turned aside By this desire or that, gives them to serve Some lower gods, with various rites, constrained By that which mouldeth them. Unto all such– Worship what shrine they will, what shapes, in faith– ‘Tis I who give them faith! I am content! The heart thus asking favour from its God, Darkened but ardent, hath the end it craves, The lesser blessing–but ’tis I who give! Yet soon is withered what small fruit they reap: Those men of little minds, who worship so, Go where they worship, passing with their gods. But Mine come unto me! Blind are the eyes Which deem th’ Unmanifested manifest,Not comprehending Me in my true Self! Imperishable, viewless, undeclared,Hidden behind my magic veil of shows, I am not seen by all; I am not known–Unborn and changeless–to the idle world. But I, Arjuna! know all things which were, And all which are, and all which are to be, Albeit not one among them knoweth Me! By passion for the “pairs of opposites,” By those twain snares of Like and Dislike, Prince! All creatures live bewildered, save some few Who, quit of sins, holy in act, informed, Freed from the “opposites,”and fixed in faith, Cleave unto Me. Who cleave, who seek in MeRefuge from birth[FN#14] and death, those have the Truth! Those know Me BRAHMA; know Me Soul of Souls, The ADHYATMAN; know KARMA, my work;Know I am ADHIBHUTA, Lord of Life,And ADHIDAIVA, Lord of all the Gods, And ADHIYAJNA, Lord of Sacrifice;Worship Me well, with hearts of love and faith, And find and hold me in the hour of death. HERE ENDETH CHAPTER VII. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Vijnanayog,”Or “The Book of Religion by Discernment.” CHAPTER VIII Arjuna.Who is that BRAHMA? What that Soul of Souls, The ADHYATMAN? What, Thou Best of All!Thy work, the KARMA? Tell me what it is Thou namest ADHIBHUTA? What againMeans ADHIDAIVA? Yea, and how it comes Thou canst be ADHIYAJNA in thy flesh?Slayer of Madhu! Further, make me know How good men find thee in the hour of death? Krishna.I BRAHMA am! the One Eternal GOD,And ADHYATMAN is My Being’s name,The Soul of Souls! What goeth forth from Me, Causing all life to live, is KARMA called: And, Manifested in divided forms,I am the ADHIBHUTA, Lord of Lives;And ADHIDAIVA, Lord of all the Gods, Because I am PURUSHA, who begets.And ADHIYAJNA, Lord of Sacrifice,I–speaking with thee in this body here– Am, thou embodied one! (for all the shrines Flame unto Me!) And, at the hour of death, He that hath meditated Me alone,In putting off his flesh, comes forth to Me, Enters into My Being–doubt thou not!But, if he meditated otherwiseAt hour of death, in putting off the flesh, He goes to what he looked for, Kunti’s Son! Because the Soul is fashioned to its like. Have Me, then, in thy heart always! and fight! Thou too, when heart and mind are fixed on Me, Shalt surely come to Me! All come who cleave With never-wavering will of firmest faith, Owning none other Gods: all come to Me,The Uttermost, Purusha, Holiest! Whoso hath known Me, Lord of sage and singer, Ancient of days; of all the Three Worlds Stay, Boundless,–but unto every atom Bringer Of that which quickens it: whoso, I say, Hath known My form, which passeth mortal knowing; Seen my effulgence–which no eye hath seen– Than the sun’s burning gold more brightly glowing, Dispersing darkness,–unto him hath been Right life! And, in the hour when life is ending, With mind set fast and trustful piety,Drawing still breath beneath calm brows unbending, In happy peace that faithful one doth die,– In glad peace passeth to Purusha’s heaven. The place which they who read the Vedas name AKSHARAM, “Ultimate;” whereto have striven Saints and ascetics–their road is the same. That way–the highest way–goes he who shuts The gates of all his senses, locks desire Safe in his heart, centres the vital airs Upon his parting thought, steadfastly set; And, murmuring OM, the sacred syllable– Emblem of BRAHM–dies, meditating Me. For who, none other Gods regarding, looks Ever to Me, easily am I gainedBy such a Yogi; and, attaining Me,They fall not–those Mahatmas–back to birth, To life, which is the place of pain, which ends, But take the way of utmost blessedness. The worlds, Arjuna!–even Brahma’s world– Roll back again from Death to Life’s unrest; But they, O Kunti’s Son! that reach to Me, Taste birth no more. If ye know Brahma’s Day Which is a thousand Yugas; if ye knowThe thousand Yugas making Brahma’s Night, Then know ye Day and Night as He doth know! When that vast Dawn doth break, th’ Invisible Is brought anew into the Visible;When that deep Night doth darken, all which is Fades back again to Him Who sent it forth; Yea! this vast company of living things– Again and yet again produced–expiresAt Brahma’s Nightfall; and, at Brahma’s Dawn, Riseth, without its will, to life new-born. But–higher, deeper, innermost–abidesAnother Life, not like the life of sense, Escaping sight, unchanging. This endures When all created things have passed away: This is that Life named the Unmanifest,The Infinite! the All! the Uttermost. Thither arriving none return. That LifeIs Mine, and I am there! And, Prince! by faith Which wanders not, there is a way to come Thither. I, the PURUSHA, I Who spreadThe Universe around me–in Whom dwell All living Things–may so be reached and seen! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [FN#14] Richer than holy fruit on Vedas growing, Greater than gifts, better than prayer or fast, Such wisdom is! The Yogi, this way knowing, Comes to the Utmost Perfect Peace at last. HERE ENDETH CHAPTER VIII. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Aksharaparabrahmayog,”Or “The book of Religion by Devotion to the One Supreme God.” CHAPTER IX Krishna.Now will I open unto thee–whose heart Rejects not–that last lore, deepest-concealed, That farthest secret of My Heavens and Earths, Which but to know shall set thee free from ills,– A royal lore! a Kingly mystery!Yea! for the soul such light as purgeth it From every sin; a light of holinessWith inmost splendour shining; plain to see; Easy to walk by, inexhaustible! They that receive not this, failing in faith To grasp the greater wisdom, reach not Me, Destroyer of thy foes! They sink anewInto the realm of Flesh, where all things change! By Me the whole vast Universe of things Is spread abroad;–by Me, the Unmanifest! In Me are all existences contained;Not I in them! Yet they are not contained,Those visible things! Receive and strive to embrace The mystery majestical! My Being–Creating all, sustaining all–still dwells Outside of all! See! as the shoreless airsMove in the measureless space, but are not space, [And space were space without the moving airs]; So all things are in Me, but are not I. At closing of each Kalpa, Indian Prince! All things which be back to My Being come: At the beginning of each Kalpa, allIssue new-born from Me. By EnergyAnd help of Prakriti my outer Self, Again, and yet again, I make go forthThe realms of visible things–without their will– All of them–by the power of Prakriti. Yet these great makings, Prince! involve Me not Enchain Me not! I sit apart from them,Other, and Higher, and Free; nowise attached! Thus doth the stuff of worlds, moulded by Me, Bring forth all that which is, moving or still, Living or lifeless! Thus the worlds go on! The minds untaught mistake Me, veiled in form;– Naught see they of My secret Presence, nought Of My hid Nature, ruling all which lives. Vain hopes pursuing, vain deeds doing; fed On vainest knowledge, senselessly they seek An evil way, the way of brutes and fiends. But My Mahatmas, those of noble soulWho tread the path celestial, worship Me With hearts unwandering,–knowing Me the Source, Th’ Eternal Source, of Life. UnendinglyThey glorify Me; seek Me; keep their vows Of reverence and love, with changeless faith Adoring Me. Yea, and those too adore,Who, offering sacrifice of wakened hearts, Have sense of one pervading Spirit’s stress, One Force in every place, though manifold! I am the Sacrifice! I am the Prayer!I am the Funeral-Cake set for the dead! I am the healing herb! I am the ghee,The Mantra, and the flame, and that which burns! I am-of all this boundless Universe-The Father, Mother, Ancestor, and Guard! The end of Learning! That which purifies In lustral water! I am OM! I amRig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Ved;The Way, the Fosterer, the Lord, the Judge, The Witness; the Abode, the Refuge-House, The Friend, the Fountain and the Sea of Life Which sends, and swallows up; Treasure of Worlds And Treasure-Chamber! Seed and Seed-Sower, Whence endless harvests spring! Sun’s heat is mine; Heaven’s rain is mine to grant or to withhold; Death am I, and Immortal Life I am,Arjuna! SAT and ASAT, Visible Life, And Life Invisible! Yea! those who learn The threefold Veds, who drink the Soma-wine, Purge sins, pay sacrifice–from Me they earn Passage to Swarga; where the meats divine Of great gods feed them in high Indra’s heaven. Yet they, when that prodigious joy is o’er, Paradise spent, and wage for merits given, Come to the world of death and change once more. They had their recompense! they stored their treasure, Following the threefold Scripture and its writ; Who seeketh such gaineth the fleeting pleasure Of joy which comes and goes! I grant them it! But to those blessed ones who worship Me, Turning not otherwhere, with minds set fast, I bring assurance of full bliss beyond. Nay, and of hearts which follow other gods In simple faith, their prayers arise to me, O Kunti’s Son! though they pray wrongfully; For I am the Receiver and the LordOf every sacrifice, which these know not Rightfully; so they fall to earth again! Who follow gods go to their gods; who vow Their souls to Pitris go to Pitris; minds To evil Bhuts given o’er sink to the Bhuts; And whoso loveth Me cometh to Me.Whoso shall offer Me in faith and love A leaf, a flower, a fruit, water poured forth, That offering I accept, lovingly madeWith pious will. Whate’er thou doest, Prince! Eating or sacrificing, giving gifts,Praying or fasting, let it all be done For Me, as Mine. So shalt thou free thyself From Karmabandh, the chain which holdeth men To good and evil issue, so shalt comeSafe unto Me-when thou art quit of flesh– By faith and abdication joined to Me! I am alike for all! I know not hate,I know not favour! What is made is Mine! But them that worship Me with love, I love; They are in Me, and I in them! Nay, Prince!If one of evil life turn in his thought Straightly to Me, count him amidst the good; He hath the high way chosen; he shall grow Righteous ere long; he shall attain that peace Which changes not. Thou Prince of India! Be certain none can perish, trusting Me! O Pritha’s Son! whoso will turn to Me,Though they be born from the very womb of Sin, Woman or man; sprung of the Vaisya caste Or lowly disregarded Sudra,–allPlant foot upon the highest path; how then The holy Brahmans and My Royal Saints?Ah! ye who into this ill world are come– Fleeting and false–set your faith fast on Me! Fix heart and thought on Me! Adore Me! Bring Offerings to Me! Make Me prostrations! Make Me your supremest joy! and, undivided,Unto My rest your spirits shall be guided. HERE ENDS CHAPTER IX. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Rajavidyarajaguhyayog,”Or “The Book of Religion by the Kingly Knowledge and the Kingly Mystery.” CHAPTER X Krishna.[FN#l6]Hear farther yet, thou Long-Armed Lord! these latest words I say– Uttered to bring thee bliss and peace, who lovest Me alway– Not the great company of gods nor kingly Rishis know My Nature, Who have made the gods and Rishis long ago; He only knoweth-only he is free of sin, and wise, Who seeth Me, Lord of the Worlds, with faith-enlightened eyes, Unborn, undying, unbegun. Whatever Natures be To mortal men distributed, those natures spring from Me! Intellect, skill, enlightenment, endurance, self-control, Truthfulness, equability, and grief or joy of soul, And birth and death, and fearfulness, and fearlessness, and shame, And honour, and sweet harmlessness,[FN#17] and peace which is the sameWhate’er befalls, and mirth, and tears, and piety, and thrift, And wish to give, and will to help,–all cometh of My gift! The Seven Chief Saints, the Elders Four, the Lordly Manus set– Sharing My work–to rule the worlds, these too did I beget; And Rishis, Pitris, Manus, all, by one thought of My mind; Thence did arise, to fill this world, the races of mankind; Wherefrom who comprehends My Reign of mystic Majesty– That truth of truths–is thenceforth linked in faultless faith to Me: Yea! knowing Me the source of all, by Me all creatures wrought, The wise in spirit cleave to Me, into My Being brought; Hearts fixed on Me; breaths breathed to Me; praising Me, each to each, So have they happiness and peace, with pious thought and speech; And unto these–thus serving well, thus loving ceaselessly– I give a mind of perfect mood, whereby they draw to Me; And, all for love of them, within their darkened souls I dwell, And, with bright rays of wisdom’s lamp, their ignorance dispel. Arjuna.Yes! Thou art Parabrahm! The High Abode! The Great Purification! Thou art GodEternal, All-creating, Holy, First, Without beginning! Lord of Lords and Gods! Declared by all the Saints–by Narada,Vyasa Asita, and Devalas;And here Thyself declaring unto me! What Thou hast said now know I to be truth, O Kesava! that neither gods nor menNor demons comprehend Thy mysteryMade manifest, Divinest! Thou Thyself Thyself alone dost know, Maker Supreme!Master of all the living! Lord of Gods! King of the Universe! To Thee aloneBelongs to tell the heavenly excellence Of those perfections wherewith Thou dost fill These worlds of Thine; Pervading, Immanent! How shall I learn, Supremest Mystery!To know Thee, though I muse continually? Under what form of Thine unnumbered forms Mayst Thou be grasped? Ah! yet again recount, Clear and complete, Thy great appearances, The secrets of Thy Majesty and Might,Thou High Delight of Men! Never enough Can mine ears drink the Amrit[FN#18] of such words! Krishna.Hanta! So be it! Kuru Prince! I will to thee unfold Some portions of My Majesty, whose powers are manifold! I am the Spirit seated deep in every creature’s heart; From Me they come; by Me they live; at My word they depart! Vishnu of the Adityas I am, those Lords of Light; Maritchi of the Maruts, the Kings of Storm and Blight; By day I gleam, the golden Sun of burning cloudless Noon; By Night, amid the asterisms I glide, the dappled Moon! Of Vedas I am Sama-Ved, of gods in Indra’s Heaven Vasava; of the faculties to living beings given The mind which apprehends and thinks; of Rudras Sankara; Of Yakshas and of Rakshasas, Vittesh; and Pavaka Of Vasus, and of mountain-peaks Meru; Vrihaspati Know Me ‘mid planetary Powers; ‘mid Warriors heavenly Skanda; of all the water-floods the Sea which drinketh each, And Bhrigu of the holy Saints, and OM of sacred speech; Of prayers the prayer ye whisper;[FN#19] of hills Himala’s snow, And Aswattha, the fig-tree, of all the trees that grow; Of the Devarshis, Narada; and Chitrarath of them That sing in Heaven, and Kapila of Munis, and the gem Of flying steeds, Uchchaisravas, from Amrit-wave which burst; Of elephants Airavata; of males the Best and First; Of weapons Heav’n’s hot thunderbolt; of cows white Kamadhuk, From whose great milky udder-teats all hearts’ desires are strook; Vasuki of the serpent-tribes, round Mandara entwined; And thousand-fanged Ananta, on whose broad coils reclined Leans Vishnu; and of water-things Varuna; Aryam Of Pitris, and, of those that judge, Yama the Judge I am; Of Daityas dread Prahlada; of what metes days and years, Time’s self I am; of woodland-beasts-buffaloes, deers, and bears- The lordly-painted tiger; of birds the vast Garud, The whirlwind ‘mid the winds; ‘mid chiefs Rama with blood imbrued, Makar ‘mid fishes of the sea, and Ganges ‘mid the streams; Yea! First, and Last, and Centre of all which is or seems I am, Arjuna! Wisdom Supreme of what is wise, Words on the uttering lips I am, and eyesight of the eyes, And “A” of written characters, Dwandwa[FN#20] of knitted speech, And Endless Life, and boundless Love, whose power sustaineth each; And bitter Death which seizes all, and joyous sudden Birth, Which brings to light all beings that are to be on earth; And of the viewless virtues, Fame, Fortune, Song am I, And Memory, and Patience; and Craft, and Constancy: Of Vedic hymns the Vrihatsam, of metres Gayatri, Of months the Margasirsha, of all the seasons three The flower-wreathed Spring; in dicer’s-play the conquering Double-Eight;The splendour of the splendid, and the greatness of the great, Victory I am, and Action! and the goodness of the good, And Vasudev of Vrishni’s race, and of this Pandu brood Thyself!–Yea, my Arjuna! thyself; for thou art Mine! Of poets Usana, of saints Vyasa, sage divine; The policy of conquerors, the potency of kings, The great unbroken silence in learning’s secret things; The lore of all the learned, the seed of all which springs. Living or lifeless, still or stirred, whatever beings be, None of them is in all the worlds, but it exists by Me! Nor tongue can tell, Arjuna! nor end of telling come Of these My boundless glories, whereof I teach thee some; For wheresoe’er is wondrous work, and majesty, and might, From Me hath all proceeded. Receive thou this aright! Yet how shouldst thou receive, O Prince! the vastness of this word? I, who am all, and made it all, abide its separate Lord! HERE ENDETH CHAPTER X. OF THE BHAGAVAD-GITA, Entitled “Vibhuti Yog,”Or “The Book of Religion by the Heavenly Perfections.” CHAPTER XI Arjuna.This, for my soul’s peace, have I heard from Thee, The unfolding of the Mystery SupremeNamed Adhyatman; comprehending which, My darkness is dispelled; for now I know– O Lotus-eyed![FN#21]–whence is the birth of men, And whence their death, and what the majesties Of Thine immortal rule. Fain would I see, As thou Thyself declar’st it, Sovereign Lord! The likeness of that glory of Thy FormWholly revealed. O Thou Divinest One! If this can be, if I may bear the sight, Make Thyself visible, Lord of all prayers! Show me Thy very self, the Eternal God! Krishna.Gaze, then, thou Son of Pritha! I manifest for thee Those hundred thousand thousand shapes that clothe my Mystery: I show thee all my semblances, infinite, rich, divine, My changeful hues, my countless forms. See! in this face of mine, Adityas, Vasus, Rudras, Aswins, and Maruts; see Wonders unnumbered, Indian Prince! revealed to none save thee. Behold! this is the Universe!–Look! what is live and dead I gather all in one–in Me! Gaze, as thy lips have said, On GOD ETERNAL, VERY GOD! See Me! see what thou prayest! Thou canst not!–nor, with human eyes, Arjuna! ever mayest! Therefore I give thee sense divine. Have other eyes, new light! And, look! This is My glory, unveiled to mortal sight! Sanjaya.Then, O King! the God, so saying,Stood, to Pritha’s Son displayingAll the splendour, wonder, dreadOf His vast Almighty-head.Out of countless eyes beholding,Out of countless mouths commanding, Countless mystic forms enfoldingIn one Form: supremely standingCountless radiant glories wearing,Countless heavenly weapons bearing, Crowned with garlands of star-clusters,Robed in garb of woven lustres,Breathing from His perfect Presence Breaths of every subtle essenceOf all heavenly odours; sheddingBlinding brilliance; overspreading– Boundless, beautiful–all spacesWith His all-regarding faces;So He showed! If there should riseSuddenly within the skiesSunburst of a thousand sunsFlooding earth with beams undeemed-of, Then might be that Holy One’sMajesty and radiance dreamed of! So did Pandu’s Son beholdAll this universe enfoldAll its huge diversityInto one vast shape, and beVisible, and viewed, and blendedIn one Body–subtle, splendid,Nameless–th’ All-comprehendingGod of Gods, the Never-EndingDeity! But, sore amazed,Thrilled, o’erfilled, dazzled, and dazed, Arjuna knelt; and bowed his head,And clasped his palms; and cried, and said: Arjuna.Yea! I have seen! I see!Lord! all is wrapped in Thee!The gods are in Thy glorious frame! the creatures Of earth, and heaven, and hellIn Thy Divine form dwell,And in Thy countenance shine all the features Of Brahma, sitting loneUpon His lotus-throne;Of saints and sages, and the serpent races Ananta, Vasuki;Yea! mightiest Lord! I seeThy thousand thousand arms, and breasts, and faces, And eyes,–on every sidePerfect, diversified;And nowhere end of Thee, nowhere beginning, Nowhere a centre! Shifts–Wherever soul’s gaze lifts–Thy central Self, all-wielding, and all-winning! Infinite King! I seeThe anadem on Thee,The club, the shell, the discus; see Thee burning In beams insufferable,Lighting earth, heaven, and hellWith brilliance blazing, glowing, flashing; turning Darkness to dazzling day,Look I whichever way;Ah, Lord! I worship Thee, the Undivided, The Uttermost of thought,The Treasure-Palace wroughtTo hold the wealth of the worlds; the Shield provided To shelter Virtue’s laws;The Fount whence Life’s stream draws All waters of all rivers of all being:The One Unborn, Unending:Unchanging and Unblending!With might and majesty, past thought, past seeing! Silver of moon and goldOf sun are glories rolledFrom Thy great eyes; Thy visage, beaming tender Throughout the stars and skies,Doth to warm life surpriseThy Universe. The worlds are filled with wonder Of Thy perfections! SpaceStar-sprinkled, and void placeFrom pole to pole of the Blue, from bound to bound, Hath Thee in every spot,Thee, Thee!–Where Thou art not,O Holy, Marvellous Form! is nowhere found! O Mystic, Awful One!At sight of Thee, made known,The Three Worlds quake; the lower gods draw nigh Thee; They fold their palms, and bowBody, and breast, and brow,And, whispering worship, laud and magnify Thee! Rishis and Siddhas cry“Hail! Highest Majesty!”From sage and singer breaks the hymn of glory In dulcet harmony,Sounding the praise of Thee;While countless companies take up the story, Rudras, who ride the storms,Th’ Adityas’ shining forms,Vasus and Sadhyas, Viswas, Ushmapas; Maruts, and those great TwinsThe heavenly, fair, Aswins,Gandharvas, Rakshasas, Siddhas, and Asuras,[FN#22]– These see Thee, and revereIn sudden-stricken fear;Yea! the Worlds,–seeing Thee with form stupendous, With faces manifold,With eyes which all behold,Unnumbered eyes, vast arms, members tremendous, Flanks, lit with sun and star,Feet planted near and far,Tushes of terror, mouths wrathful and tender;– The Three wide Worlds before TheeAdore, as I adore Thee,Quake, as I quake, to witness so much splendour! I mark Thee strike the skiesWith front, in wondrous wiseHuge, rainbow-painted, glittering; and thy mouth Opened, and orbs which seeAll things, whatever beIn all Thy worlds, east, west, and north and south. O Eyes of God! O Head!My strength of soul is fled,Gone is heart’s force, rebuked is mind’s desire! When I behold Thee so,With awful brows a-glow,With burning glance, and lips lighted by fire Fierce as those flames which shallConsume, at close of all,Earth, Heaven! Ah me! I see no Earth and Heaven! Thee, Lord of Lords! I see,Thee only-only Thee!Now let Thy mercy unto me be given, Thou Refuge of the World!Lo! to the cavern hurledOf Thy wide-opened throat, and lips white-tushed, I see our noblest ones,Great Dhritarashtra’s sons,Bhishma, Drona, and Karna, caught and crushed! The Kings and Chiefs drawn in,That gaping gorge within;The best of both these armies torn and riven! Between Thy jaws they lieMangled full bloodily,Ground into dust and death! Like streams down-driven With helpless haste, which goIn headlong furious flowStraight to the gulfing deeps of th’ unfilled ocean, So to that flaming caveThose heroes great and bravePour, in unending streams, with helpless motion! Like moths which in the nightFlutter towards a light,Drawn to their fiery doom, flying and dying, So to their death still throng,Blind, dazzled, borne alongCeaselessly, all those multitudes, wild flying! Thou, that hast fashioned men,Devourest them again,One with another, great and small, alike! The creatures whom Thou mak’st,With flaming jaws Thou tak’st,Lapping them up! Lord God! Thy terrors strike From end to end of earth,Filling life full, from birthTo death, with deadly, burning, lurid dread! Ah, Vishnu! make me knowWhy is Thy visage so?Who art Thou, feasting thus upon Thy dead? Who? awful Deity!I bow myself to Thee,Namostu Te, Devavara! Prasid![FN#23] O Mightiest Lord! rehearseWhy hast Thou face so fierce?Whence doth this aspect horrible proceed? Krishna.Thou seest Me as Time who kills,Time who brings all to doom,The Slayer Time, Ancient of Days, come hither to consume; Excepting thee, of all these hosts of hostile chiefs arrayed, There stands not one shall leave alive the battlefield! Dismayed No longer be! Arise! obtain renown! destroy thy foes! Fight for the kingdom waiting thee when thou hast vanquished those. By Me they fall–not thee! the stroke of death is dealt them now, Even as they show thus gallantly; My instrument art thou! Strike, strong-armed Prince, at Drona! at Bhishma strike! deal death On Karna, Jyadratha; stay all their warlike breath! ‘Tis I who bid them perish! Thou wilt but slay the slain; Fight! they must fall, and thou must live, victor upon this plain! Sanjaya.Hearing mighty Keshav’s word,Tremblingly that helmed LordClasped his lifted palms, and–praying Grace of Krishna–stood there, saying,With bowed brow and accents broken, These words, timorously spoken: Arjuna.Worthily, Lord of Might!The whole world hath delightIn Thy surpassing power, obeying Thee; The Rakshasas, in dreadAt sight of Thee, are spedTo all four quarters; and the company Of Siddhas sound Thy name.How should they not proclaimThy Majesties, Divinest, Mightiest? Thou Brahm, than Brahma greater!Thou Infinite Creator!Thou God of gods, Life’s Dwelling-place and Rest! Thou, of all souls the Soul!The Comprehending Whole!Of being formed, and formless being the Framer;